The Approach Of Behavior Modification Within Classrooms

Behavior modification can be defined as a technique which focuses on punishment for behaviors that are undesirable and rewards for behaviors that are desirable (Langa, 2014). The approach of behavior modification is based off of the methodologies and findings of a famous psychologist who researched the area of behaviorism, B.F. Skinner. Skinner, also known as the â€Å"Father of Behaviorism,† developed the theory of operant conditioning (Langa, 2014). In his research, Skinner used reinforcements and punishments to support his theory of operant conditioning (Langa, 2014). Punishments, which Skinner believed could be used to decrease the probability of a certain behavior happening repeatedly, could be defined as the granting of displeasing stimulants (Langa, 2014). Throughout his research, Skinner found that behaviors that are reinforced, or supported and acknowledged, were usually repeated whereas behavior which was not reinforced usually weakens or fades over time. Count less studies have been organized and carried out which have examined the use of behavior modification within classrooms. In many classrooms, especially early childhood settings, behavior modifications have been used. Teachers use behavior modification in their classrooms in order to alter classroom behavior. In order to rework unwanted behaviors into acceptable behaviors, teachers may use a series of reinforcements or punishments. Some reinforcements, or positive stimulants, that teachers haveShow MoreRelatedEvidence Based Practice : Behavior Modification1688 Words   |  7 PagesEvidence Based Practice: Behavior Modification Class: SOWK 604 Direct Services I Professor: Patricia Guillory Student: Myia Lane Southern University at New Orleans Abstract This paper is to define and discuss the Evidence Based Practice Model Behavior Modification. Expounding on the various methods that are utilized to alter behaviors from positive to negative, and some of the tools implemented to enforce behavioral changes in various settings. This discussion will also explain various techniquesRead MoreThe Impact Of Implementing Pbis On The Social, Emotional And Academic Outcomes1189 Words   |  5 Pageseducational opportunities as other students because of their behavior. Congress understood that there was a need for diverse learners and evidence based approaches were needed, in order to assure proper modifications for students. â€Å" Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports is established by the U.S. Department of Education s Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) to define, develop, implement, and evaluate a multi-tiered approach to Technical Assistance that improves the capacity of statesRead MoreBehaviral Tools926 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent situations. To focus on creating healthy behaviors, this report on behavioral tools looks at effective methods of implementing change through the following: client centered approaches, grounding techniques, and operant conditioning through positive and negative reinforcements. The report will also assist human service workers identify some situations that the stated approaches may be used for. Client Centered Approach The client centered approach is a behavioral tool that human service professionalsRead MoreTeaching Students With Challenging Behaviors762 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Æ' Teaching students with challenging behaviors begins with understanding behaviors utilizing Culturally Responsive Instructions and strategies. Howard is a sixth grader that has been referred to the office six times in four month by his first-year teacher Ms. Anderson for his â€Å"insubordinations†. Based on Ms. Anderson observations Howard exhibits specific weakness in mathematics resulting in incomplete in-class work assignments and avoidance behaviors when asked to work at the whiteboard. Howard’sRead MoreBehavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting1117 Words   |  5 PagesBehavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting Abstract Behavior modification is based on the concepts of observable antecedents, observable behavior, and consequences. A behavior modification program consists of a series of stages to achieve a desired modification of a target behavior. A token economy based behavior modification program that was applied for a full academic year in an entire elementary school,Read More1.Factors That Should Be Considered To Determine How Serious934 Words   |  4 Pagesthat should be considered to determine how serious a learning or behavior problem is includes persistence of the problem, severity of the problem, speech of progress, motivation, parental response, relationship with teacher, instructional modifications, adequate instruction, and additional other factors. Persistence of the problem includes determining if the learning or behavior of the student are long term or short term; behaviors and feeling states are not considered a major problem if they onlyRead MoreTeacher Perspectives for Response to Intervention Essay examples1009 Words   |  5 PagesTeacher Perceptions of the Response to Intervention Model Introduction Response to Intervention (RTI) is a system-wide approach in general education to prevent and/or resolve lack of student success. RTI provides the framework and means to meet the needs of all learners, especially struggling learners, by using data-based decisions to identify the students, link interventions and instruction to their needs, monitor their progress, and make adjustments as needed based on an ongoing review ofRead MoreStimulants in Combination with Other Methods to Modify Student Behavioral Issues892 Words   |  4 PagesOutline: Stimulants in Combination with Other Methods to Modify Behavior I. Students today with behavioral issues, like ADD and ADHD, are plagued with a wide variety of issues that disrupt their ability to concentrate in school and socialize well with other children and adults. A. ADD and ADHD are serious issues that many students face on a daily basis. 1. According to the research, students with such behavioral issues may have difficulty concentrating on schoolwork, frequently interrupt conversationsRead MoreChildhood Teacher s Most Important Role For The Expectations Of Our Society844 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom how the teacher reacts to their behaviors. Therefore, teachers must be taught when and how to respond to undesired behaviors. Area of Focus: Retaining highly qualified teachers; while, dealing with misbehaviors and learning how to apply a variety of techniques. I believe that one of the problems with managing behaviors in preschool classrooms is teachers coming out of college are not given the necessary tools needed to combat or challenge these behaviors. Some of the techniques and guidance’sRead MoreAssessment Of The Clients Needs And Intervention Assessment Case Study844 Words   |  4 PagesEach child in Therapeutic Classroom 2 (TC2) has an emotional and behavioral disturbance. Ages range from 8 years old to 10 years old. Each child is a minority group member and comes from a low socioeconomic neighborhood. Each child travels over thirty minutes to school each day. Identified problems: a) Externalizing behaviors - Physical aggression - verbal aggression - milieu elopement - out of area. b) Cultivate pro-social behaviors, decrease externalizing behaviors. - Cooperation with peers

The Negative Effects Of School Uniforms - 2630 Words

Page 1 of 11 ZOOM Running Head: SCHOOL UNIFORMSSolis 1Final PaperDylan SolisEnglish 102 SCHOOL UNIFORMSSolis 2The first record of school uniforms in education have been around England since 1222 (â€Å"Should Students,† 2016). But, the origin of school uniforms can be traced back to the sixteenth century. School uniforms back then weren’t as seen as in today’s society. Back then wearing robes compared to a tucked in polo shirt with dress pants were considered school uniforms. The difference with wearing school uniforms back then signified that the family was wealthy enough to send their child to a school that required school uniforms at the time. Many of the positive outcomes of wearing school uniforms include a decrease in†¦show more content†¦In my opinion it is important to inform those who think the opposite of school uniforms in school. They are my first priority because they should be open to learning and knowing more about the message that school uniforms bring. It is important to convince those who go against the subject first becau se once you convince the doubters you can convince everyone else which is my main goal/objective for my topic. Also, I want readers to know some of the many benefits uniforms bring along not just the bad ones such as, Students experience less pressure in deciding what to wear each and every morning, uniforms are affordable, and school intruders are more easily identified in a school full of only uniformed children (McDermott, 2017). The last benefit is targeted more towards the parents rather than the students because we all know that in families their child’s safety always comes first and if we can convince those parents than we are winning. Thus, not only will I give various information on my topic but, I will win over the reader by convincing them to support my topic with actual evidence to backup my claims. Overall, my objective is to let the readers make their own decision/choice based on the information I am will be providing them with.In the article, â€Å"Do Uniforms Make Schools Better?† The writer uses anShow MoreRelatedEssay about Dress Codes in School can Decrease Bullying823 Words   |  4 Pages The Effect of Dress Code in Schools Dress code is put into place to keep students from being bullied for how they dress and how some people may treat them different depending on what they wear. There is a lot of evidence that show students losing time in the class room because they are too worried about there personal apparel. David Brunsma, a sociologist who wrote Uniforms in Public Schools: A Decade of Research and Debate in 2005, says, â€Å"Dress codes and school uniforms increase school safetyRead MoreSchool Uniforms: A Bad Idea Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pageshigh schools in the United States is parents and their children against the enforcement of their school’s uniform policy. More schools have been adopting uniform policies within the past decade. Rules contained in the policy that are implemented range from wearing certain types of tops (shirts) in specified colors to students being required to tuck in their shirts. In the past, uniforms were exclusively for students who attended private schools because they were â€Å"well-off†, but now uniforms areRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Uniforms In Schools845 Words   |  4 Pages School uniforms: a debate that has been tossed back and forth for years now. The percentage of schools that necessitate uniforms and the percentage of the ones that do not are approximately equal. This conveys a dispute that is difficult to find a definite solution for, due to the ambiguous negatives and positives being drawn between both arguments. Uniforms being a part of school systems became widespread first after Long Beach, California implemented them into their elementary and middle schoolsRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?918 Words   |  4 PagesShould schools have the right to make uniforms mandatory for their students? Some people don’t think so and they argue against the civil liberties that such a mandate would violate. While the opposing opposition thinks that school uniforms belong in the school system, in order to help reduce some of the issues students may face because of their clothes. Although school uniforms for students may have many negative effects, school uniforms may help with reducing the amount of distractions, thereforeRead MoreSchool Uniforms777 Words   |  4 PagesMost teenagers think that wearing uniforms is a waste of time and that it shouldnt be mandatory. There are many positive and negative ef fects but I believe that school uniforms should be mandatory. There are many advantages such as peer equivalency, self esteem, easier for parents, and also stress reducing. There are also some questionable disadvantages such as lack of self expression, demeaning morale, and lack of diversity. Teenagers of this day and age belong in the age group where peer pressureRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Its Placebo Effect Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesDuran Professor Alan Douglas English 102 4 December 2016 School Uniforms and its Placebo Effect School uniforms predominately used in private schools are now becoming increasingly common in public schools throughout the United States. During the 2013- 2014 schoolyear, one in five public schools required students to wear uniforms, which is an increase from the 2003-2004 school year in which one in eight schools required the use of uniforms (US Department of Education and US Department of Justice)Read MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms1158 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Uniforms: Are Boomers and Stickers Affecting the Way People See Them? People say that school uniforms are a good thing. They prevent bullying, they are easier for parents to dress younger students, and they help students focus on studying, not what they are wearing. Are school administrators or boomers of the American school systems causing students to become Wendys Berrys version of stickers? Having students wear school uniforms have several pros and cons to them, including the costRead MoreThe Issue Of Mandatory School Uniforms953 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of mandatory school uniforms is one that has gained a lot of traction in the recent years. As you could imagine proponents of school uniforms will say that it increases graduation rates and decreases school violence. Opponents of it will say that it restricts freedom of expression, and is way to further restrict students’ rights. In a world where we are continually being restricted on our rights the positives of mandatory uniforms does not outweigh the negatives, because restricted kid s’Read MoreSchool Uniforms1506 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Uniforms Help Students Make the Grade On February 24 of 1996 when President Bill Clinton made a speech at the Jackie Robinson Academy in Long Beach California he stated â€Å"This remarkable progress that you have shown in your school as a result of your school uniform policy, making it safe, more disciplined and orderly, creates teachers who focus on teaching and students who focus on their job of learning† (Bily, 2014 p.5). The school dress code debate is not new and the beliefRead More Uniforms in Schools Essay541 Words   |  3 PagesUniforms in Schools School uniforms in public schools are becoming increasingly popular across the nation. The public school system would benefit greatly if this policy were to be adopted. Opposition is always a factor when trying to make changes. Taking all things into consideration, the positive effects would be far greater than the negative effects. School uniforms should be required in public schools because their use would lead to higher education, less violence, and lower cost to parents

Senior Privileges Open Campus Essay Example For Students

Senior Privileges: Open Campus Essay Hum 102-005An open campus is defined as, a privilege granted to leave school grounds during their unscheduled time. (Upper Merion High School) The goal of this is to give students the opportunity to develop personal responsibility with their extra time during school hours; however, only students which meet the administering schools requirements are given this privilege. The idea of an open campus often sparks debates between students, parents and school administrators because of the possible side effects from granting this ability. Although a controversial issue, an open campus is a good thing for schools to allow and by granting this ability it is giving the students in the schools more motivation for success. A topic which often arises with the idea of an open campus is what the students will do with their time. Many parents and administrators feel that students will use this time in ways that will hurt both themselves and their success in school. They constantly feel that with the students away from the supervision of teachers, parents and fellow peers it will allow them to partake in the use of illegal substances such as drugs and alcohol. These people often feel that the students are putting themselves at a greater chance for getting in trouble with the law or peers. The problem with this is that the groups of people who share these beliefs are commonly naive to the way an open campus functions and due to their lack of understanding it gives them negative views of an open campus. The way an open campus actually works is that it allows students to leave school grounds during school hours; therefore, the policies of the school still apply to the students once they leave the schools grounds. Drug and alcohol use is heavily debated as one of the major problems which would arise from an open campus. The Pennsylvania Department of Education set these standards for drugs and alcohol in a school: Possession/Use/Sale/Transfer Of Controlled Substance And Or Illegal Substance (Class I,II, III, IV, V drugs or ALL controlled, rx prescriptions) The unlawful use, cultivation, manufacture, distribution, sale, transfer, solicitation, purchase, possession, transportation, or importation of any controlled drug/narcotic substance or substances representing a drug or equipment and devices used for preparing or taking drugs or narcotics. Infractions include being under the influence of drugs while in school, on school transportation, or at school sponsored events. Possession/Use/ Sale/Transfer Of Alcohol possession of alcohol on a person, who was caught in the act of using, transferring or testing positive for use, (Pennsylvania Department of Education). Based on these rules applicable to all public schools in Pennsylvania, there would not be a change in the way a student would act with an illegal substance whether they were in school or are away from school due to an open campus. The Pennsylvania Department of Education also has guidelines for any form of violence, crime, vandalism, or illegal act which would put the students in the same position here as it would with them concerning an illegal substance. Along with these many people are worried about the fact that if students leave they may not return for the rest of the day. In a situation such as this where the schools policy on tardiness, absence and truancy apply the student violating these policies would face the same punishment as they would if they did not have an open campus. This also applies to if the student violates the schools policy on illegal substances, violence, crime, etc. Although these seem to be significant issues, the fact remains that an open campus is still beneficial to students as well as the community. The most common time for students to leave campus is during their lunch. Because of this students are constantly going to local stores and restaurants; in turn, this leads to local businesses doing better and giving the specific town/city a more growing economy. In an article based on the benefits of an open campus, Adam Kaye included a quote from a local business, High school students mean a lot to our business, Ralph Rubio, CEO of Rubios Baja Grill said of his restaurant in the Del Mar Highlands Town

Role of Environment in Child Development Research Paper Example

Role of Environment in Child Development Paper An early childhood environment is many things: Its a safe place where children are protected from the elements and are easily supervised, and its here the important activities of the day take place, such as playing, eating, sleeping, washing hands, and going to the bathroom. Beyond the basics, however, an environment for young children implements and supports a programs philosophy and curriculum. Childhood is the most important phase for overall development throughout the lifespan. Part of our capacity for change and growth depends on early experiences and the interrelationships of children and parents. Early experiences determine health, education and economic participation for the rest of life. A childs identity develops as he or she grows. Brain and biological velveteen during the first years of life is highly influenced by an infants environment. Early childhood is the most intensive period of brain development during the lifespan. To reach their potential, young children need to spend time in a caring responsive environment that protects them from neglect and inappropriate disapproval and punishment. Parents and families are the key to early child development, but need support to provide the right environment. Some families provide an atmosphere of love and acceptance. Others have a climate of instability and hostility in which love is not available to aid the childrens development. Studies show that children need love. Families that are loving and democratic not only have children who are brighter than those families which are cold and autocratic, but also tend to have children whose Siss increase while in school rather than decrease. Attention and interest leads to children with a high self esteem. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Environment in Child Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Environment in Child Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Environment in Child Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Those mothers who show affectionate warmth toward their children have children with a lower incidence of juvenile delinquency. Interest and affectionate warmth in the home are important for the growing personality. Each family is different, because the family is a system composed of unique individuals. Families can be classified as child-centered, home-centered or parent-centered. The parents in the child-centered family willingly sacrifice their needs and desires for the sake of their children. The happiness and health of their children are more important than any considerations. Typically, in the child-centered family, a division of labor occurs in which the father specializes in maintaining economic security and in ensuring a respected place for the family in the community, the mother specializes in taking care of the children. In home centered families priority is also given to the needs of the children. The preference between the child centered and home centered families is that home centered families are not oriented toward socio-economic achievement, instead both the father and mother give priority to personal relationships among family members, emotional security and companionship are highly valued. The familys energy is spent on the family life, rather than the community. These two family types provides a conducive environment for a child development. Parents who spend time playing and teaching their kids through reading and by performing various types of hands-on games and activities can have a positive impact on their childish development. The childish immediate family environment shapes a sense of stability, self-worth and worldview. The best home environment for a child is one that helps meet the basic needs for health and safety. Homes with a positive emotional climate produce children who trust others. A positive family environment provides consistency for strong childhood development. The childs immediate family environment shapes a sense of stability, self- worth and worldview. Routines such as eating meals together as a family or going to the park on Sundays provide opportunities for family members to develop social relationships amongst themselves. Family rituals also promote a sense of belonging. Bedtime routines are associated with better sleep patterns amongst children. Family routines may also make it easier for children to cope with stress such as parental separation or divorce. Maintaining a good environment at home for children is very important, as it is the first training a child gets before going in to the real world. For instance, a child starts learning from his/her home at the beginning stage. Although this seems to be a difficult job which needs lots of patience, struggle and time to mold the entire system. Some of the key aspects of discipline which your hill should ideally learn in the early years are Courtesy, manners and punctuality. At home your child needs to be taught behavioral qualities, and rude behavior needs to be thwarted out. But before one concentrates his efforts on disciplining a child for misconduct, one must have a strategy, or game plan, for teaching their child how they are expected to behave. As I said patience is an important and a successful element in maintaining a good environment at home. Sometimes it will be very difficult to keep your patience, at this point take some break, there is no need to be disheartened and try again later. To maintain a pleasant environment at home it requires a lot of concentration, persistence and hard work. If you take steps at the beginning of your child by setting out guidelines and goals you want to achieve and stick to them, your chances of maintaining a pleasant environment will be far higher. When your child stays at home all day, and you take on the dual role of teacher and parent, issues of discipline will arise. It IS easy for the child to take on a negative attitude towards understanding discipline. Correct discipline needs to be adhered from the start of your homecomings to avoid potential faculties later on in your childs development and learning. Discipline provides both yourself and your child with immense levels of freedom, and there will be an enticement to stretch this freedom. Certain rules and practices need to be implemented at the beginning stages of your child as it may be very difficult for you to change your childs habits at later stage. There should be a friendly and enabling environment at home. The members of the family should listen and have a great respect for one another. This is very important to maintain a good environment free from all countersigning and confusions among the family members. Parents relations play a significant role in maintaining a better environment at home. Praise is powerful. Praising your child is one of the most important things you can do as a parent. Praise is nourishment. It helps your child grow emotionally, just as food helps your child grow physically. The reason behind giving praise is to build up self esteem, to give a belief of personal satisfaction, with the addition of feeling secure within ones self. There is a sense of confidence that one has when one knows that someone has paid detention and has encourage them with a positive response, due to their efforts. So now knowing what praise is we take in mind how often we should praise a child and when without over saturating with praises or not giving enough praises. Sometimes its best for children that parents should avoid discussing their domestic and financial matters in front of their children as some children are very sensitive and they get frustrated and tilt towards negative activities to escape from their suffocated environment. Ups and downs are part of life from which no one can escape rather it is wise to face them boldly and moieties its good to take your childrens views in any decision-making as this will make them feel more confident about themselves. In this way, they will trust and feel that their parents always give them importance and they will consider themselves an integral part of the family. The bottom line is that maintaining a good environment is in the hands of sensible parents who can build a childs career by playing and affective role so that their children should always feel at home a place where one wants to be relaxed putting aside tensions and worries of life. An ideal learning environment for young children would be established at home, as well as at school. For example, a young child should be able to do homework in a well-lighted area that is free of distractions such as television. The right materials, such as paper, scissors, sharpened pencils, and crayons, need to be on hand for homework or projects. By having these materials ready before the work starts, will save everyone time and help keep your child focused from beginning to end. A Liberal family which has lesser number of kids will be best for children to grow up in. In my opinion, parents have the responsibility to educate their own children in their own way. However, a liberal family will make their children grow up happily. Parents should not limit childrens thought and behavior in their own way. What they think may not be correct at all times. Children could select what they would like to learn and enjoy besides the general studying. I cant agree with people who only want to have one child, not only because of the decrease of the birth rate, but also because their child needs someone to be with to accompany. The lecture from teachers or parents will never replace wisdom gained from siblings and peers. Some people may argue that parents should have the domination toward heir own family; however, apparently its not appropriate to control ones mind and behaviors because they are older. Children should learn how do they discipline their behaviors. Parents and the other elders could give them the suggestion, which it might be useful because they are more experienced than the younger. But, time changes. The old rules could be the best answer; however, its not right to deny other options that could lead them to the correct way. Although things will be more complicated and hard, this is what they choose and they deserve to suffer or enjoy their own lives. The early learning environment is important in a childs development. Education extends beyond traditional schooling. In fact, the first three years of life are possibly the most important to a childs developing brain. During this time, stimulation and interaction with parents and other children is essential. Young children require a rich environment in which to interact and explore. Actively engaging all of his senses stimulates brain cells and encourages growth. Children need to explore, experiment, and learn basic knowledge through direct experience. Indeed, childhood is a time when we earn firsthand about the physical world the feel of water, the constant pull of gravity, the stink of rotten fruit, and the abrasive feel of concrete on a bare knee. A young child can learn by touching, and if denied sources of stimulation, mental growth stagnates. The school that your child attends has a massive impact on creating and molding fundamental behavioral aspects. Children at the preschool and elementary level are building an academic foundation for their future. The role of the teacher is critical in a childs life. Children depend on teachers to be their confidant, colleague, model, instructor, and nurturer of educational experiences. The best learning environment for children is a child-centered, play-based one. Demonstrate to children that the space is theirs by displaying pictures of the children and their families, as well as samples of their artwork. Children learn best through hands-on activities that involve all five senses. Structure your learning environment so that children can move freely between activities at their own pace. Play-based environments emphasize social and emotional development that enables children to excel academically, communicate effectively with teachers and peers and develop problem-solving skills. An ideal learning environment for young children is one where the students can focus on their schoolwork and their teacher and not be distracted by uncomfortable temperatures, insufficient lighting and poor classroom design. The physical learning environment should be safe, comfortable, nurturing and positive. Discipline and academic achievement should be enforced. Schools enforced with rules and a safe environment showed increased scores academically and a reduction in discipline issues. Children learn best when offered a balance between structured and unstructured activity. During free play, children should have the freedom to whose where to play and what to play with. The learning environment serves as an invitation at all times. Make sure that all accessible materials are age- appropriate and safe, and be prepared to allow the children to use those materials as they move around in the space. Provide enough materials so that several children can play in the same area at once. Avoid time limits during free play. Allow time each day for structured play or activities. Whether youre following a theme or teaching about an animal or culture the children have expressed an interest in, make sure the group activity engages as many of the vive senses as possible. For example, if today is A day, you might bring several colors Of apples to the activity space. Talk about the colors with the children and allow each child to smell the apple. Cut the apple and give slices from each variety to each child. Invite the children to sample the apple and describe the way if feels, smells and tastes. You might also prepare a dish using the apples from the activity, talk about the seeds and plant an apple tree. The best learning environments have well-defined spaces. If you have a long, open space through the middle of the room, you re inviting children to UN, skip or hop through that space. Designate areas for reading, dramatic play, art, music and movement, science and math by using rugs, tables, screens, lofts, bookcases, furniture and nooks. Scholastic recommends that you provide both well-lit and dimly-lit areas, informal furniture arrangements and separate spaces designated for quiet and active play. Children seek out a constant change of stimuli-scenery, textures, colors, social groups, activities, environments, sounds, and smells. As our children spend more time in our programs, the more variation and stimulation they need. Play provides a ay for children to integrate all their new experiences into their rapidly developing minds, bodies, emotions, and social skills. Brain research supports this idea, stressing that children learn best through an integrated approach combining physical, emotional, cognitive, and social growth. Students with certain learning disabilities or other conditions that may affect learning or performance may do better in classrooms designed or altered to fit their needs. For example, in a classroom with special needs children (particularly those with attention challenges) placing desks with some space around each hill instead of arranging them into groups can reduce the distractions caused by being so close to other students. Environmental influences can be powerful. Nurturing environments foster physical and psychological growth. Adequate stimulation and nutrition are essential for development during the first three years of life. It is during these years that a childs brain is most sensitive to the influences of the external environment. Rapid brain development affects cognitive, social and emotional growth. Such development helps to ensure that each child reaches his or her attention and is a productive part of a rapidly changing, global society. The more stimulating the early environment, the more a child develops and learns. Language and cognitive development are especially important during the first six months to three years of life. A childs social environment influences their cognitive development and educational attainment. Clearly children need lots of exposure to other people in their early childhood years. Children who engage in good social relationships perform better academically than those who do not. Children living in social environments characterized by residential stability are less keel to be absent from school and perform better academically than those who do not. The sense of belonging which individuals experiences when they have good social relationships has a positive influence on their mental health. A healthy child should engage in sports or other beneficial activities. Belonging to a group, whether it is a sporting team, book club or other organization, is a good way to meet new people and develop relationships and a sense of belonging. Groups which actively intervene in communities to improve the social environment, for example by having a cleanup day or organizing a local government petition, have been shown to be particularly effective in creating a sense of cohesion in the community. An individuals physical surroundings markedly influence their health. Environments characterized by poor physical surroundings (e. G. Lack of open space, lack of facilities and litter) are associated with poor health outcomes. For example, social environments characterized by quality, affordable housing are associated with reduced poverty and increased residential stability, both of which affect a childs health and the social relationships which they form. Children who lived in cleaner neighborhoods are assessed as having better social behaviors than those living in less clean environments. The availability of good quality educational facilities within an environment is also important. Children who have good social relationships have greater self esteem than those who do not and are less likely to experience mental health problems including depression and anxiety. There is also evidence that pro-social behavior during childhood leads to better psychological health in adulthood. The social environment may also influence a childs health by influencing the behavior of their parents. Researchers concluded that children rated high in seeking stimulation (nature) were more curious and open to learning from their environment (nurture) which in turn enhanced the development of their cognitive abilities and resulted in higher scores on IQ tests. Researchers conclude that genetic factors set a range for many cognitive abilities and these abilities are facilitated by a stimulating environment. The availability of job opportunities within a neighborhood or community may also affect a childs development, by influencing their parents work. Working locally means less travel time (and presumably, more time for family ointments) and associated stress. Working locally can improve parenting, relationships between parents and children and ultimately child health and development. There is also evidence that the availability of housing and employment within a neighborhood, affect levels of child maltreatment. Nutrition is very important for children. It is directly linked to all aspects of their growth and development. Introducing good nutrition into the lives of your children will help them create healthy habits for life. Learning correct portion sizes at a young age and eating a healthy, balanced diet will help reverent your kids from being overweight as they get older. A balanced diet helps to fuel your childs growing body and give your child the energy she needs for the day. Kids need specific vitamins and minerals to help their bodies and minds develop and mature. A healthy, balanced diet will help to create good nutrition habits in your children that they will take with them the rest of their lives. Proper nutrition allows for adequate growth throughout a childs developmental years. The brain, in particular, relies on regular nourishment to reach its full potential. Healthy eating habits also reduce the sis of serious disease and vitamin deficiencies, a serious concern in the developing world. The childs nutrient needs correspond with these changes in growth rates. An infant needs more calories in relation to size than a preschooler or school-age child needs. Nutrient needs increase again as a child gets close to adolescence Young children need to feel important. In past eras children were responsible to water the garden, do farm chores, and care for younger children. Children need to feel that what they do is meaningful to someone besides themselves. A basic human need is the need to belong. Children need to feel they belong, o. They need to be close to people they know, have familiar and comfortable objects, and be in a setting that has a personal history for them. Many challenges faced by adults, such as mental health issues, obesity, heart disease, criminality, and poor literacy and innumeracy, can be traced back to early childhood. When children spend their early years in a less stimulating, or less emotionally and physically supportive environment, brain development is affected and leads to cognitive, social and behavioral delays. Later in life, these children will have difficulty dealing with complex situations and environments. High levels of adversity and stress during early childhood can increase the risk of stress-related disease and learning problems well into the adult years. A negative physical environment can have harmful effects on a childs development mentally and physically. The mistreatment of children can occur in any religious, socioeconomic or racial group. Domestic violence, drug use, social isolation and verbal abuse are factors that influence childhood development. Children who live in violent homes and witness domestic abuse can fall victim physically and emotionally. Negative relations and disputes can spoil the atmosphere of a house. Instead of a better environment the entire house plunges into chaos which not only affects the psychology of children but also makes them suffer in various complexes. Impoverished environment can stunt growth especially in combination with severe and prolonged environmental stresses. This may produce a lasting physical and psychological failure to thrive. Research has shown children exposed to poor and underprivileged educational environments tend to be at a higher risk of being negatively affected in terms of their development. Poverty has detrimental effects on a childs IQ and school achievement. Children facing a socioeconomic disadvantage show weak academic- readiness skills. Teachers might also have lower expectations for children who come from a poverty situation at home. Children from lower socioeconomic lifestyles have risks in physical development as well. These children show higher rates of pre-birth complications and increased lead exposure, which affect their cognitive brain functions during childhood. Rigid learning programs that focus on accumulating skills through means such as worksheets, computers, memorization and flashcards lead to stressed, high truing aggressive and depressed students later on. Work-related stress and time constraints have been shown to have negative effects on individuals and spill over into the family and affect relationships within it, including the quality of parent-child relationships. Without love physical, mental and emotional development may be retarded. Disturbed families are most likely to produce disturbed children. Abandonment affects children in individual ways with distinctive psychological effects. Abandonment can be psychological or physical. Psychological abandonment can occur when the parent stops bonding with he child or becomes mentally disabled. Physical abandonment can be the result of death, giving the child away or ceasing to have contact with the child in the event of a divorce. The parent may abandon the child because she feels overwhelmed or incompetent or finds herself in an unwanted or unaccepted role of parenting. Abandonment is a term frequently used interchangeably with child neglect or child abuse. A child who has been abandoned may become withdrawn, angry and restless. He may fear that he will be abandoned again and develop nightmares or a fear Of sleeping alone. He eight also cry, have feelings of guilt and question the intentions of other loved ones in his life. An older child may search for love and security elsewhere in potentially dangerous situations. The effects of abandonment may vary according to the childs age and bond with the parent who abandoned him, but it is possible for him to carry lingering distrust and resentment into adulthood. The effect of under nutrition on young children (ages 0-8) can be devastating and enduring. It can impede behavioral and cognitive development, educability, and reproductive health, thereby undermining future work productivity. Whether or not children are well-nourished during their first years of life can have a profound effect on their health status, as well as their ability to learn, communicate, think analytically, socialize effectively and adapt to new environments and people. Some of the developmental problems experienced by malnourished children are caused by direct physiological crippling such as retarded brain growth and low birth weight, where as other conditions are the result of limited and abnormal interaction and stimulation vital to healthy development. Unstable political environment can hamper a childs development.

The only shakes Essay Example For Students

The only shakes Essay William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare was a great English playwright, dramatistand poet who lived during the late sixteenth and early seventeenthcenturies. Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright ofall time. No other writer’s plays have been produced so many times orread so widely in so many countries as his. Shakespeare was born to middle class parents. His father,John, was a Stratford businessman. He was a glove maker who owned aleather shop. John Shakespeare was a well known and respected manin the town. He held several important local governmental positions. William Shakespeare’s mother was Mary Arden. Though she was thedaughter of a local farmer, she was related to a family ofconsiderable wealth and social standing. Mary Arden and JohnShakespeare were married in 1557. We will write a custom essay on The only shakes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now William Shakespeare was born in Stratford in 1564. He was oneof eight children. The Shakespeare’s were well respected prominentpeople. When William Shakespeare was about seven years old, heprobably began attending the Stratford Grammar School with otherboys of his social class. Students went to school year roundattending school for nine hours a day. The teachers were strictdisciplinarians. Though Shakespeare spent long hours at school, his boyhood wasprobably fascinating. Stratford was a lively town and duringholidays, it was known to put on pageants and many popular shows. Italso held several large fairs during the year. Stratford was aexciting place to live. Stratford also had fields and woodssurrounding it giving William the opportunity to hunt and trap smallgame. The River Avon which ran through the town allowed him to fishalso. Shakespeare’s’ poems and plays show his love of nature andrural life which reflects his childhood. On November 28, 1582, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway ofthe neighboring village of Shottery. She was twenty-six, and he wasonly eighteen at the time. They had three children. Susana was theirfirst and then they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet,Shakespeare’s son, died in 1596. In 1607, his daughter Susana gotmarried. Shakespeare’s other daughter, Judith, got married in 1616. In London, Shakespeare’s career took off. It is believed thathe may have become well known in London theatrical life by 1592. Bythat time, he had joined one of the city’s repertory theatercompanies. These companies were made up of a permanent cast of actorswho presented different plays week after week. The companies werecommercial organizations that depended on admission from theiraudience. Scholars know that Shakespeare belonged to one of the mostpopular acting companies in London called The Lord Chamberlain’sMen. Shakespeare was a leading member of the group from 1594 forthe rest of his career. By 1594, at least six of Shakespeare’s playshad been produced. During Shakespeare’s life, there were two monarchs who ruledEngland. They were Henry the eighth and Elizabeth the first. Bothwere impressed with Shakespeare which made his name known. Thereis evidence that he was a member of a traveling theater group, and aschoolmaster. In 1594, he became an actor and playwright for LordChamberlain’s Men. In 1599, he became a part owner of the prosperousGlobe Theater. He also was a part owner of the Blackfriars Theater asof 1609. Shakespeare retired to Stratford in 1613 where he wrote manyof his excellent plays. There are many reasons as to why William Shakespeare is sofamous. He is generally considered to be both the greatest dramatistthe world has ever known as well as the finest poet who has written inthe English language. Many reasons can be given for Shakespeare’senormous appeal. His fame basically is from his great understandingof human nature. He was able to find universal human qualities andput them in a dramatic situation creating characters that aretimeless. Yet he had the ability to create characters that are highlyindividual human beings. Their struggles in life are universal. .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a , .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .postImageUrl , .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a , .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a:hover , .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a:visited , .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a:active { border:0!important; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a:active , .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9dc1c4d8fcffbb6deee10bdb67e0c6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: From Mozart To The Second School Of Vienna. EssaySometimes they are successful and sometimes their lives are full ofpain, suffering, and failure. In addition to his understanding and realistic view of humannature, Shakespeare had a vast knowledge of a variety of subjects. These subjects include music, law, Bible, stage, art, politics,history, hunting, and sports. Shakespeare had a tremendous influenceon culture and literature throughout the world. He contributedgreatly to the development of the English language. Many words andphrases from Shakespeare’s plays and poems have become part of ourspeech. Shakespeare’s plays and poems have become a required part ofeducation in the United States. Therefore, his ideas on subjects suchas romantic love, heroism, comedy, and tragedy have helped shape theattitudes of millions of people. His portrayal of historical figuresand events have influenced our thinking more than what has beenwritten in history books. The world has admired and respected manygreat writers, but only Shakespeare has generated such enormouscontinuing interest. My source states explanations rather thanopinions on why Shakespeare’s contributions to literature are so vast. My source devoted thirty pages to William Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s plays are usually divided into three majorcategories. These are comedy, tragedy, and history. Three playswhich are in the category of comedy are â€Å"The Comedy of Errors†, â€Å"TheTaming of the Shrew†, and â€Å"The Two Gentlemen of Verone†. Threeplays which are in the category of tragedy are â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†,â€Å"Titus Andronicus†, and â€Å"Julius Caesar†. In the category of history,three plays are â€Å"Henry V†, â€Å"Richard II†, and â€Å"Richard III†.

Free Essays on Microprocesor History

Microprocessor History A microprocessor - also known as a CPU or Central Processing Unit - is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful - all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that four bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators. The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared in 1982 or so). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium-II to the new Pentium-III. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The new Pentiums-IIIs can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but the Pentium-III runs about 3,000 times faster! The following table helps you to understand the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years. Name Date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS 8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 0.64 MIPS First home computers 8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 16 bits, 8 bit bus 0.33 MIPS First IBM PC 80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1 MIPS IBM ATs. Up to 2.66 MIPS at 12 MHz 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5 MIPS Eventually 33 MHz, 11.4 MIPS 80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20 MIPS Eventually 50 MHz, 41 MIPS Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 32 bits, 64 bit bus 10... Free Essays on Microprocesor History Free Essays on Microprocesor History Microprocessor History A microprocessor - also known as a CPU or Central Processing Unit - is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful - all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that four bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators. The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared in 1982 or so). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium-II to the new Pentium-III. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The new Pentiums-IIIs can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but the Pentium-III runs about 3,000 times faster! The following table helps you to understand the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years. Name Date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS 8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 0.64 MIPS First home computers 8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 16 bits, 8 bit bus 0.33 MIPS First IBM PC 80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1 MIPS IBM ATs. Up to 2.66 MIPS at 12 MHz 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5 MIPS Eventually 33 MHz, 11.4 MIPS 80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20 MIPS Eventually 50 MHz, 41 MIPS Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 32 bits, 64 bit bus 10...

This is a court of law, not a court of morals. Explain and evaluate Essay

This is a court of law, not a court of morals. Explain and evaluate this statement - Essay Example For philosophers like Plato there is a very close connection between law and morality as true justice is indispensable to human well-being. The field of ethics has often criticised legal arrangements and how the mechanical application of law provokes ethical and moral injustice.1 The discussion that follows will centre around and discuss the above mentioned conflicting themes in this area. Firstly it has to be seen whether the existence of unjust laws shows that law and morality are a gulf apart. Secondly whether the existence of laws that serve to defend basic fundamental rights like laws against murder, rape and defamation are a testimony to the compatibility of law and morality. Thirdly that the law only identifies offences and prescribes punishments for crimes and does not take into account the motives and morality behind a defendants actions no matter how noble they are. The fourth theme which is going to be tested in this regard is the internal or habit like nature of morality as opposed to law, as it is said to govern law without compulsion or fear of punishment. Fifthly whether morality can form the basis of making several laws illegal because they are immoral, no matter how procedurally valid they may seem. Last but not the least this essay explores whether the law can be a public expression of morality enshrining the basic principles of acceptable conduct wi th in a society.2 The statement in the question above comes from the very controversial case of Re A 3 (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) where the parents of six week old Siamese twins, Mary and Jody,(M and J) appealed against a court order granting the NHS the authority to perform an optional surgical separation .The twin M had severe brain abnormalities, no lung tissue and no properly functioning heart and depended for her blood supply upon J which was her healthy ,normally

Science research project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Science project - Research Paper Example The completely randomised design was used to remove biasness among the different income groups surveyed. From the study it was clear that the 75,000 – 100,000 income groups had the highest level of information on peak oil while least information about the same was found in income groups below 75,000. However, income group over 100,000 had little information about the same but not as little as the income group below 75,000. Generally it was concluded from the results that no relationship existed between the willingness to purchase oil and the level of awareness of peak oil, hence the null hypothesis was adopted. This study recommends a new line of research open to others interested in the same to find out the relatedness of oil prices to income at household level and its effect on the same. (Mark, 1999) There has been a considerable increase in the price of fuel all over the globe and the United States is no exception. There is therefore, a likeliness of close observation of oil and gasoline prices by the US consumers; this is because they had paid more than what they had anticipated. This research tried to shed light into the factors which were responsible for the price change, its effect on the economy and the alternatives that the consumers preferred most. This work will also provide an insight into the consumption of gasoline between the years 2006 and 2011. The uses focused majorly on industries, commercial and residential sectors. This will be helpful in describing the pattern of gas consumption in the US. Information was provided by statistical method on the past few decades’ oil production and a comparison was made to the demand over the same period. Survey monkey was used to collect data and analysis was done by Excel program to come up with the comparison between the different parameters of study (amount people are willing to pay, awareness of peak price and best alternatives

Math in Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math in Aviation - Essay Example Drag is the normal friction caused by the plane moving through air molecules. Drag is also a reaction to lift and this lift must be generated by the wings of the airplane in flight. Newton's First Law of Motion: An object at rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will continue in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, until an outside force acts on it. For an aircraft to taxi or fly, a force must be applied to it. It would remain at rest without an outside force. Once the aircraft is moving, another force must act on it to bring it to a stop. It would continue in motion without an outside force. This willingness of an object to remain at rest or to continue in motion is referred to as inertia. Newton's Second Law of Motion: If a object moving with uniform speed is acted upon by an external force, acceleration will be directly proportional to the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved. The motion will take place in the direction in which the force acts. Simply stated, this means that an object being pushed by 100 pounds of force will travel faster than it would if it were pushed by 50 pounds of force. A heavier object will accelerate more slowly than a lighter object when an equal force is applied. Newton's Third L Newton's Third Law of Motion: For every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force). This law can be demonstrated with a balloon. If you inflate a balloon with air and release it without securing the neck, as the air is expelled the balloon moves in the opposite direction of the air rushing out of it. Bernoulli's Principle: When a fluid flowing through a tube reaches a constriction or narrowing of the tube, the speed of the fluid passing through the constriction is increased and its pressure is decreased. Lift: The lift force of a wing is derived from the independent action of its upper and lower surface. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces that let an aircraft fly. Motion is changing place or position. Air has no force or power other than pressure when it's motionless. When air is moving, its force becomes apparent. A moving object in motionless air has a force exerted on it as a result of its own motion. It makes no difference in the effect whether an object is moving in relation to the air or the air is moving in relation to the object. Newton's first and third Laws of Motion explain why deflecting the air downwards must result in a corresponding upward force. The air moving over the upper surface of the airplane is forced too travel farther, therefore velocity is increased. The increase in velocity caused a decrease in pressure. This causes lift in the upper surfaces. The air that passes beneath the airfoil has less distance to travel, this results in increase in air pressure on the lower surfaces and in decrease in air pressure on the upper surfaces. The total lift produced by the airfoil is equal to the difference downwards. The wing is said to have a relative angle of attack. The lift drops off at high angles of attack because the air instead of flowing smoothly over the upper surface breaks away from it and forms eddying currents. Gravity: Gravity is natural force acting upon the airplane. Gravity is the force that plays an

Zero Based Budgeting Emerged To Overcome The Limitations Of Incremental Budgets Accounting Essay

Zero Based Budgeting Emerged To Overcome The Limitations Of Incremental Budgets Accounting Essay Zero-based budgeting emerged to overcome the limitations of incremental budgets. This approach requires that all activities are justified and prioritized before decisions are taken relating to the amount of resources allocated to each activity. Besides adopting a zero-based approach zero-base budgeting also focuses on programmes or activities instead of functional departments based on line-items which is a feature of traditional budgeting. Programmes normally relate to various activities undertaken by municipal or government organizations. Zero-based budgeting works from the premise that projected expenditure for existing programmes should start from base zero, with each years budgets being compiled as if the programmes were being launched for the first time. The budgetees should present their requirements for appropriations in such a fashion that all funds can be allocated on the basis of cost-benefit or some similar kind of evaluative analysis. The cost-benefit approach is an attempt to ensure value of money, it question long-standing assumptions and serves as a toll for systematically examining and perhaps abandoning any unproductive projects. Thats why more and more non-profit making organizations, including Oxfam Hong Kong, consider using Zero-based budgeting as an approach to judge a best solution of the organizations. Background of Oxfam Hong Kong Oxfam Hong Kong is one of non-profit making organizations. It is an independent international development and humanitarian organization working against poverty and related injustice. It recognized that much poverty is caused by injustice and that poverty alleviation requires economic, social and structural change. It worked with people facing poverty and with partner organizations on development, humanitarian, policy advocacy and public education programmes. How zero-based budgeting could be used at Oxfam Hong Kong Most organizations, including Oxfam Hong Kong, may use incremental budgeting system for their budgetary process. However, this approach has a serious drawback. The budgetary process for coming year usually uses previous budget allocation as a basis of allocation. That may incurred increase or decrease in budget for the coming year based on the budget allocation. It is because the percentage of allocation is without full examination of this allocation basis. Incremental budgeting system assumes that the situation will continue in the same way. Zero-based budgeting could be used to remedy this serious drawback in incremental budgeting system. The best suitable activities in Zero-based budgeting To use zero-based budgeting as an approach, some activities are very suitable to use. For example: Limited resource of labours Oxfam Hong Kong is a non-profit making organization that it is always faced with limited resource of labours because major labours are volunteers that it often has not salaries. To organize an activity such as donation of poverty countries, it is a large project that it needs a lot of human resource. The allocation of resource is very important if the organization is faced with limited resource of labours. Zero-based budgeting can efficiently allocate resource of each department. Zero-based budgeting will define and evaluate decision packages of human resource and appropriate allocation by ranking of decision packages. Judgment of consignment or in-house Oxfam Hong Kong always creates a lot of activities about the donation of poverty countries. To encourage more donations, the organization always produces some souvenirs to donators. The souvenirs are also a part of cost that Oxfam Hong Kong will be considered to produce by consignment or in-house processing. It is because Oxfam Hong Kong would likely choose inexpensive method. It is very suitable to use zero-based budgeting to the identification. Although incremental budgeting system or activity-based budgeting can determine the cost of production by consignment or in-house processing, it only use department as a base which is less accurate than zero-based budgeting. It is because zero-based budgeting is based on activity which is more accurate than incremental budgeting system or activity-based budgeting. The advantages of Zero-based budgeting More and more non-profit organizations choose Zero-based budgeting rather than Incremental budgeting for their decision making because Zero-based budgeting has following advantages which Incremental budgeting is ignored. Inappropriate activities are not undertaken Traditional budgeting trends to extrapolate the past by adding a percentage increase to the current year. Zero-based budgeting avoids the deficiencies of incremental budgeting and represents a move towards the allocation of resources by need or benefit. Thus, unlike traditional budgeting the level of funding is not taken for granted. For example, when Oxfam Hong Kong has limited resource such as labour hour, the allocation of resources is being very important. Then Zero-based budgeting can help Oxfam Hong Kong to select the best solution of the allocation by ranking of decision packages. Finally, inappropriate solutions are not adopted. Enhance motivation The documentation of decision packages also leads to a deeper staff and management knowledge of all the operation and activities of the organization and can enhance communication, participation and therefore motivation. Oxfam Hong Kong can indirectly motivate the staff. It is because all departments especially management department in Oxfam Hong Kong need to communicate with other departments to make a consensus of the decision packages. Concerning value for money Zero-based budgeting focuses attention on outputs in relation to value for money. Through this value for money approach, inefficient and obsolete operations are identified so that wastage can be eliminated and a more efficient allocation of resources to activities and departments can be achieved. Therefore, Oxfam Hong Kong can indirectly reduce the cost of selection of decision because the wastage is reduced and the allocation of resource is being efficient. Problem of Zero-based budgeting Actually, no method is perfect. Zero-based budgeting also exists problems that Oxfam Hong Kong should be faced. More costly and time consuming The preparation of decision packages can generate a great volume of paperwork especially for a large project or activity and will require a considerable management skill. Therefore, Oxfam Hong Kong should be provided more training and education about concepts of application of Zero-based budgeting to the management department because Zero-based budgeting must be clearly understood by managers at various levels to be successfully implemented. The running cost is directly increased. Also, Zero-based budgeting will requires gathering, analysis and evaluation of large amounts of data that the management department faced with much workload and it is very time consuming. Problems of identifying ranking packages Subjective judgment and political pressure are unavoidable in ranking packages and allocation of resources and may create departmental conflicts. Different types and natures of activities across different departments, particularly with qualitative rather than quantitative benefits, may give rise to the problem of ranking. Oxfam Hong Kong is confused of the decision packages because it is difficult to define decision units and decision packages and sometimes subjective judgment is needed. Also, management may be exaggerated skews the results if it is unreliable. Then, the decision packages are became inaccurate. Relationship between management and staff deterioration The questioning attitude of zero-based budgeting is not always acceptable to staff or management because they may view it as a threat to their existing implied rights. For example, management department and accounting department have different ideas of decision packages. Each department does not agree with the other side ideas. The cooperation and motivation among the management and staff may deteriorate. Therefore, it may influence the relationship of each department in Oxfam Hong Kong. http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/accounting/zero-based-budgeting.php http://www.finweb.com/financial-planning/pros-and-cons-of-zero-based-budgeting.html http://www1.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/fm_nov07_p48-53.pdf

file vaults :: essays research papers

File Vault Help This software is free to use. In a recent article in Defense News (Vol 12 No 31) Aug 4-10, 1997 William Crowell, National Security Agency deputy director said "If a product of 64-bit strength were used by a military org... it would take 6,000 to 7,000 years to recover just one message." 1. File Vault - 64-bit (8 bytes) block encryption algorithm variable length key up to 448 bits File Vault - Places a number of user selected files in a single self extracting / self decrypting executable file called a File Vault. A File Vault can be sent easily to anyone over the internet and only accessed with your password. The recipient of a File Vault does not have to have any special software installed to decrypt or access a file vault. Each File Vault is totally self contained. This makes for easy attaching, receiving and general use. File Vault allows you to open the vault, access the files, then close the vault which performs a secure wipe of the files from the disk surface. In an encrypted file vault, filename information is encrypted too, so if someone examines the vault with a disk editor, no information on contents is available other than the optional description line entered during creation. Great for "Your Eyes Only" files... The encryption algorithm is the highly regarded BLOWFISH by Bruce Schneier, world renowned Cryptographer. See VGP information below for more detail. File Vault is available at... www.alcuf.ca/fv - - - - A word on compression: When you use Winzip or other compression utilities from Windows, they often will create temporary files that can reside on the users system which are complete duplicate files, or parts of files that you would rather be fully secured. Therefore, rather than zipping files and containing them in a vault, build a vault first which securly containes your files, and then create the zip (or other archive) file. That way any temporary stuff created by the archiver will be encrypted and remain secure. - - - - 2. Other free utilities included with File Vault --------------------------------------------- The following utilities are stand alone utilities that reside on your File Vault directory. These can be moved or deleted as you wish. DISKWIPE.EXE (and diskinfo.dll) - this utility is used to securly remove deleted information from a hard drive to prevent undeleting. Let's say you have a bunch of stuff you just deleted, and need to make sure nothing that was on the system can be undeleted and accessed again. This utility creates a file the size of the free remaining space on your drive and fills it with space, then deletes it.

Brief Encounters

â€Å"Brief Encounters† is actually an adaptation of Noel Coward’s 1936 one-act play, â€Å"Still Life. † It came out as a film in 1945. Set in the backdrop of World War II in 1945, the story tells of how Laura Jesson, a housewife and Alec Harvey, a married doctor, get to slowly build a forbidden romance. They met at a certain cafe in a railway station and set a rendezvous at the same place on several occasions. With that, a certain friendship based on companionship which eventually grew into love was formed. They arranged to meet at occasional opportune moments hence the title, Brief Encounters.The two kept on with the relationship, stealing brief moments to see each other. Then after, when Alec needed to leave the country for a job in South Africa, they said goodbye to each other and finally put an end to their especially-colored friendship. Alec and Laura met on the same cafe at the train station. (Chadderton 1) Plot When Laura needed to go to Milford town, sh e usually goes for shopping and sees a film at the cinema. It was when she got a grit in her eye on the way home when she met Alec Harvey, a general practitioner who goes to the hospital as a consultant.Both of them are married and have two children. The two arrange another set of rendezvous and suddenly found that their friendship develops into love. This somehow affected Laura’s relationship with her husband Fred. Secretly, they meet, wary of possible chance encounters with common acquaintances, probably with a certain longing to spend more time with each other in private. There was this one time, after a certain number of meetings that they went to Alec’s friend, Valentine Dyall’ apartment.It is upon chance also that this friend of the doctor’s suddenly arrives that our heroine needed to leave the scene through the fire exit. It seemed though that all situations surrounding the lovers did not permit them to achieve the happiness that they wanted to hav e together. Destiny wanted to tell them that they have to face the reality that they are tied to responsibilities in their respective families that the two decided to stop seeing each other. The last meeting that they had was when Alec heads to Johannesburg, South Africa. Laura went to see him off at the same train station in Milford where they first met.At the opportune time that they were seeing each other for the last time, a certain friend of Laura’s named Dolly Messiter appears and gets to sit with them, uninvited. Until the end, the relationship seemed to have stood among rocks and even the last meeting has been only a brief encounter. Meanwhile, in contrast to their love affair, the leads were surrounded by other younger couples who were freer to love, were victorious in their relationship and were able to have the opportunity to experience passion. Myrtle, the station manager and Albert, the guard, started an affair that was more open and passionate.The waitress, Bery l relished the gift of young and first love with cake-seller Stanley. Beryl’s dance scenes has far dimmed out and at the same time placed a brighter spotlight to an unconsummated love affair between Laura and Alec. The story, which is all about having secret love affairs, is quite a common occurrence already during the time when the play was originally released. It might not seem to be a new concept that everyone would die to see but due to the vividness of the emotions of the characters, especially the woman, it appealed to a great number of audiences.Its being told in the woman’s point of view really makes it much of a demonstration of repressed emotions and repressed sexuality, capturing real life human passion from every commoner’s life happenings. The original play has been adapted by various theaters in the United Kingdom such as the Oxford Stage and The Liverpool Playhouse among others. The latest and most talked about adaptation is that of the Kneehigh T heatre, a London-based international theater group, directed by their artistic director, Emma Rice, getting all praises from reviews and critics.Kneehigh Theatre started out small with a teacher giving workshops in Cornwall in 1980, after which they started giving out shows for the common people of Cornwall and up until now, they remained in that place by choice. It is where they believe that they can produce the most possible fruits of creativity. â€Å"†¦we always try to start the creative process at these barns, to be inspired by our environment and where we work. † (Sheperd 2) The theatre is 28 years old now and has gathered quite a number of patron, or more so, devotee audiences.Their creative work usually rested upon the spirit of the eccentricity, sometimes also urbanely surreal and crazy. I’ve known of usual scenes in the city with upbeat and loud music used to be their signature style with added hoisting-in-the-air fantasies that ought to be their normal. For this recent adaptation of Noel Coward’s Brief encounters, there was quite a noted shift in this style – not actually a shift but a different attack. The characters stayed more on the ground and were more real and conventional. We saw characters full of emotions and humanity.This then proves the Kneehigh to be much more flexible and lived up to what they have been for the past 28 years. Upon the entrance to the Haymarket Theater, a foreboding message that this is â€Å"the 1940’s† plays as the blue curtains covers the stage. There was something about the lighting and music that reflect the 1940’s and has given the audience a feel of watching and being in a real 1940’s film. More treat comes way as actors themselves in 1940s costume usher in the audience. The idea of love in a repressed society in that specific time finds a good haven in this setting. The use of this technique has established the setting very well.It did not just show, bu t it would transport any onlooker to the time when the play was set. It was like watching the original film, although with more visual treats, and more elaborateness. It’s surprising though that the play has incorporated cinema in it. Some scenes were live on stage, some were onscreen and at most, they were a combination of both. This combination of theater and cinema provided an aura of a film that is coming to life. The black and white cinematic scenes makes the conveyance of the setting and dramatic situation more effective and made the adaptation of the play more accurate.In the cinema scene, the film used was the original Brief Encounters film with Laura and Alec sitting among the audience. An enigmatic and slightly comical effect was elicited from this manipulation. In the scene where Alec was trying to ask Laura if she feels the same for him, the sudden appearance of Fred (Laura’s husband) on the screen has given this dreamy effect to the play and comes to inten sify the much repressed emotions of Laura. The scene communicates much the idea of the characters waking up from a dream and having to face their responsibilities again.The incorporation of cinema in the show also solved what previous adaptations lacked in: sincerity and real emotions. In the cinema, character’s faces are focused and that would make the audience share the feelings of the characters. In this play, the use of proper stage acting caught what was there in the cinema. The acting of the characters was really effective and the cinematic effects helped a lot. Tristan Sturrock and Naomi Frederick shared a compatibility which made them seem inseparable as Laura and Alec. Since it was the 1930s, much modesty was observed in their relationship.Maybe the scene wherein they were undressing after plummeting down the river can be considered as one of the most erotic scenes. During that time though, it was necessary that simple handshakes and cups of coffee should be enough t o express love for each other. In the said scene scene, both were catching up with their modesty but failed as they ended up kissing. The recurring water waving into the screen intensified the idea of passion in the love affair and probably another attempt at depicting repression. Even so, an emotional connection between the two characters was very much established despite the limitation of romantic contac.The play has actually lived up to the original playwright. Not a lot of characters are needed to craft the play into something that is large, grandiose and festive. The presence of other couples has set love into three categories: a freer love affair for two people among the working class, young love that transcends all classes and a forbidden, unconsummated love. The impact of the fact that most of the audience already knew how it would end all the more made the movie heart-wrenching than ever. Those brief encounters between Alec and Laura made them seem as if they were stealing their chances on temporary happiness.Most wonderful is the use of the props vis-a-vis the use of the film clips and the maximization of the stage space. In Alec’s first departure from Laura, Alec hopped into a small toy train which made an ironic spectacle. Contrast it to how they made the ending: across the front of the stage, they pulled a vast amount of screen material in which a storey-high clip of the train where our Alec rode off shot across the entire stage with Laura attempting to jump with a highly dramatic death. The contrast was quite an impact. A trampoline was utilized for Stanley’s entrance to the cafe, Beryl used a red scooter and rode around it.She threw it away in an angered fit of tantrums. On the other hand, Laura’s children were played by two puppets. Some scenes used the screen as background. The use of the small objects gives a sort of a treat to the heaviness of the feelings of the audience. The use of the big train in contrast to the smal l props will make you cringe with the climax of the story. It magnified the dramatic sad ending of the story. Never could be an adaptation be more effective. It cannot be anymore clever and brilliant. It is a celebration of cinematography, theater and the totality of the elements of the performance.The incorporation of the film clips made it more effective in the sense. If one will refer to reviews of other adaptations of this play, it would seem that the Kneehigh Theatre’s production is the best of after the film. Liverpool Playhouse’s version back to back with another of Coward’s works received the ire of the Catalyst Reviews thus saying: â€Å"The plays could easily have been turned into radio plays – visually seeing them was largely unnecessary – the sound effects, notably of steam trains passing through the station could easily have been transferred to the radio.† (Serjent 12) Another rework shown at Burton Taylor which was directed by Christchurch student Georgie Paget got equally the same criticism although at notch milder. Alison Ireland of BBC made a rundown of the setting and the characters: A table in a station refreshment room is not so prominent on stage and the staff, who provide a comic, lower-class backdrop for the lofty tragic romance, are equals and fundamentally superiors in ‘Still Life' – their robust humour, sensible decision-making, clear view of priorities and no-nonsense view of the world shows the upper class ‘love' affair for the anaemic misery it really is.(2) As for Kneehigh Theatre’s reviews, nothing could be seen but all praises. In Rice's hands Brief Encounter is a clever, gimmicky production that has its fair share of [humor]. Yet there's passion, tenderness and sensitivity in abundance; if you start to think about Johnson and Howard, it probably doesn't last long because the two main characters are exceptional individually and as a couple. (Orme 4) Kneehigh the atre is sure known for its inventiveness and ingenuity. Any piece of playwright given to them is like being put in the hands of a very powerful magician.Even the â€Å"Royal Shakespeare Company entrusted them with Shakespeare's late â€Å"problem† play Cymbeline which Kneehigh took to Stratford as part of the Complete Works Festival. † (Orme2) Coward’s work fell into good hands with Kneehigh Theatre. It became a masterpiece that we only briefly encounter. References Chadderton, David. (2009) Reviews –Brief Encounter. The British Theatre Guide. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http://www. britishtheatreguide. info/reviews/briefenkneehighDC-rev. htm. Orme, Steve.(2007) Reviews – Brief Encounter. The British Theatre Guide. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http://www. britishtheatreguide. info/reviews/briefenckneehigh-rev. htm. Serjent, Colin. (n. d. ) Noel Coward's ‘The Astonished Heart’ and ‘Still Life. ’ The Catalyst Reviews. Ret rieved April 17, 2009 from http://www. catalystmedia. org. uk/issues/misc/reviews/Noel_coward. htm Shepherd, Mike. (2008). Introduction to the Kneehigh Theatre. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http://www. kneehigh. co. uk/about-us/an-introduction. php.

Ante Pavelic, Croatian War Criminal

Ante Pavelic, Croatian War Criminal Of all the Nazi-era war criminals who escaped to Argentina after World War Two, it is possible to argue that Ante Pavelić (1889-1959), the â€Å"Poglavnik,† or â€Å"chief† of wartime Croatia, was the vilest. Pavelic was the head of the Ustase party which ruled Croatia as a puppet of the Nazi regime in Germany, and their actions, which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies, sickened even those Nazi advisors stationed there. After the war, Pavelic fled to Argentina, where he lived openly and unrepentant for several years. He died in Spain in 1959 of wounds suffered in an assassination attempt. Pavelic Before the War Ante Pavelić was born on July 14, 1889 in the town of Bradina in Herzegovina, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time. As a young man, he trained as a lawyer and was very active politically. He was one of many Croatians who chafed at his people becoming part of the Kingdom of Serbia and subject to a Serbian king. In 1921 he entered politics, becoming an official in Zagreb. He continued to lobby for Croatian independence and by the late 1920’s he had established the Ustase Party, which openly supported fascism and an independent Croatian state. In 1934, Pavelić was part of a conspiracy which resulted in the assassination of King Alexander of Yugoslavia. Pavelić was arrested but released in 1936. Pavelić and the Croatian Republic Yugoslavia was suffering from great internal turmoil, and in 1941 the Axis powers invaded and conquered the troubled nation. One of the first actions of the Axis was to set up a Croatian State, the capital of which was Zagreb. Ante Pavelić was named Poglavnik, a word which means â€Å"leader† and is not unlike the term fà ¼hrer adopted by Adolf Hitler. The Independent State of Croatia, as it was called, was actually a puppet state of Nazi Germany. Pavelić established a regime led by the vicious Ustase party which would be responsible for some of the most horrible crimes committed during the war. During the war, Pavelić met with many European leaders including Adolf Hitler and Pope Pius XII, who personally blessed him.    Ustase War Crimes The repressive regime quickly began acting against the Jews, Serbs and Roma (gypsies) of the new nation. The Ustase eliminated their legal rights of their victims, stole their property and finally murdered them or sent them to death camps. The Jasenovac death camp was established and anywhere from 350,000 to 800,000 Serbs, Jews and Roma were murdered there during the war years. The Ustase slaughter of these helpless people made even hardened German Nazis flinch. Ustase leaders called on Croatian citizens to murder their Serbian neighbors with pickaxes and hoes if need be. The slaughter of thousands was done in broad daylight, with no attempt made to cover it up. Gold, jewels and treasure from these victims went directly into Swiss bank accounts or into the pockets and treasure chests of the Ustase.   Pavelić Flees In May of 1945, Ante Pavelić realized the Axis cause was a lost one and decided to run. He reportedly had about $80 million in treasure with him, looted from his victims. He was joined by some soldiers and some of his high-ranking Ustase cronies. He decided to try and make for Italy, where he hoped the Catholic Church would shelter him. Along the way, he passed through zones controlled by the British and it is assumed he bribed some British officers to let him through. He also stayed in the American zone for a while before making his way to Italy in 1946. It is believed that he traded intelligence and money to the Americans and British for safety: they may have also left him alone as partisans were fighting the new communist regime in Yugoslavia in his name. Arrival in South America Pavelić found shelter with the Catholic Church, as he had hoped. The church had been very friendly with the Croatian regime, and also helped hundreds of war criminals escape after the war. Eventually Pavelić decided that Europe was just too dangerous and headed to Argentina, arriving in Buenos Aires in November of 1948. He still had millions of dollars’ worth of gold and other treasures stolen from the victims of his murderous regime. He traveled under an alias (and a new beard and mustache) and was warmly welcomed by the administration of President Juan Domingo Peron. He wasn’t alone: at least 10,000 Croatians – many of them war criminals – went to Argentina after the war. Pavelić in Argentina Pavelić set up shop in Argentina, attempting to overthrow the regime of new President Josip Broz Tito from half a world away. He set up a government in exile, with himself as president and his former undersecretary of the Interior, Dr. Vjekoslav Vrancic, as vice-President. Vrancic had been in charge of the repressive, murderous police forces in the Croatian Republic. Assassination Attempt and Death In 1957, a would-be assassin fired six shots at Pavelić on the street in Buenos Aires, hitting him twice. Pavelić was rushed to a doctor and survived. Although the assailant was never caught, Pavelić always believed him to be an agent of the Yugoslav communist regime. Because Argentina was becoming too dangerous for him – his protector, Peron, had been ousted in 1955 – Pavelić went to Spain, where he continued trying to subvert the Yugoslav government. The wounds he suffered in the shooting were serious, however, and he never fully recovered from them. He died on December 28, 1959. Of all of the Nazi war criminals and collaborators who escaped justice after World War Two, Pavelić is quite arguably the worst. Josef Mengele tortured inmates at the Auschwitz death camp, but he tortured them one at a time. Adolf Eichmann and Franz Stangl were responsible for organizing systems which killed millions, but they were operating within the framework of Germany and the Nazi party and could claim to have only been following orders. Pavelić, on the other hand, was the commander-in-chief of a sovereign nation, and under his personal direction, that nation coldly, brutally and systematically went about the business of slaughtering hundreds of thousands of its own citizens. As war criminals go, Pavelić was up there with Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Unfortunately for his victims, Pavelić’s knowledge and money kept him safe after the war, when Allied forces should have captured him and turned him over to Yugoslavia (where his death sentence would have come swiftly and surely). The aid given to this man by the Catholic Church and the nations of Argentina and Spain are also great stains on their respective human rights records. In his later years, he was increasingly considered a bloodstained dinosaur and if he had lived long enough, he may have eventually been extradited and put on trial for his crimes. It would be of little comfort to his victims to know that he died in great pain from his wounds, increasingly bitter and frustrated at his continuing irrelevance and inability to re-establish a new Croatian regime.    Sources: Ante Pavelic. Moreorless.net. Goà ±i, Uki. The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron’s Argentina. London: Granta, 2002.

Lyrics essays

Lyrics essays Controversy in the content of todays lyrics is not a new issue. It has been debated on for quite some time. There are many different views on regulations and control over what an artist should or should not say. Targeting artists for the content of their work should not be a concern of the media. Each artist has the right to speak and record what he or she wants. Todays media has targeted artists saying that young children will be corrupted by hearing the words in some of the top songs that are played on MTV. One of the biggest controversies is over the artist Eminems lyrics. Eminems multi-platinum selling albums are said to promote homophobia and violence. It has been said that Eminems lyrics will brainwash the children that listen to his lyrics into becoming violent, gay bashing, rebels that carry guns and abuse women. Yes, some of Eminems lyrics can be extreme and questionable, but isnt it the parents responsibility to monitor what their children are watching and listening to. Many say that by playing artists like Eminems videos MTV is supporting violence against homosexuals and women. Somehow these people dont seem to realize that the videos played on MTV are the clean version of the songs. These videos are edited for the content. Parents should view the videos and listen to the records that their children are experiencing. Parents should also talk to their children about what is right and wrong. The question is always asked, How do children get these records with this content? The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) labels records with controversial or offensive content explicit. Stickers are placed on album covers with the words Parental Advisory, Explicit Content. The RIAA determines what albums should have the stickers placed on them. Many record stores will not sell an al ...

Second-Hand Smokers and Harmful Effects on People from All Ages Research Paper - 1

Second-Hand Smokers and Harmful Effects on People from All Ages - Research Paper Example Second-hand smoking as the health departments put it, apart from causing diseases also worsens the already existing health conditions. This conditions that may worsen from inhaling smoke from cigarettes and even marijuana include asthma, pneumonia, heart disease, and even bronchitis. For those getting exposure to this smoke in longer terms face the problem of developing, fatal, and chronic heart diseases. On the other hand, brief exposure cause health problems such as stuffy nose, headaches, irritation of the eyes and sinuses, coughing, headaches, and even triggering heart or breathing problems. The heart problems arise from the fact that the smoke from the cigarettes makes blood thicker, thus raising the level of "bad cholesterol" and damages the lining of one's blood vessel, this in turn results to heart problems, heart attacks, and eventually death. This smoke is even worse when it comes to pregnant women, children and even babies, when pregnant women inhale this smoke the effect mainly goes to the babies, the most likely scenario, in this case, is underweight babies, development of pneumonia, ear infections, and even ‘sudden infant death syndrome.' Medical practitioners state that children are often at a greater risk than the adults are; this is because their bodies are still on the growth stage thus they tend to breathe more than the adults do. Second-hand smoking causes chronic coughing and wheezing, ear infections, severe and frequent asthma attack, and lower respiratory illnesses.